فصلنامه تاریخ فرهنگ و تمدن اسلامی
پیاپی 46 (بهار 1401)

Adapting a descriptive and analytical approach, this article investigates the impact of spiritual values on the flow of economic justice and the role of economic justice in the promotion of values as part of the cultural situation in the history of the Prophetic era. For analysis, the concept of value in ethical psychology has been used and the content has been formed using the motivational factors in this field. At the same time, it has a clear theological premise and the information is designed by considering the guiding role of the Prophet (PBUH) in strengthening the belief and hope in the divine legislative guidance. The results showed that economic justice in the prophetic age occurred through the creation of spiritual values due to the crystallization of belief in divine legislative guidance. It also had the ability to strengthen the above belief and strengthen the foundation of the monotheistic sovereignty to prepare the ground for the exaltation of values.

Art is one of the most important aspects of civilization. The realization of Islamic civilization also requires the civilization making religious art. Religious art can be defined from different perspectives such as the religious texts. In this research, in order to reach the components of civilization making religious art, the book  of "Ayoun Akhbar al-Reza" has been selected. In this article, the library resources has been used and a qualitative data analysis method has been implemented. After stating the theoretical framework, based on the book, “Ayoun Akhbar al-Reza”, the components of religious art are explained. The results show that the religious art is based on monotheism and God-centeredness and it should be created based on the Sharia and the criteria in the original religious texts. It should also be the reminiscent of religious symbols and manifestations and should display genuine beauty. The result of this view can be a criterion for evaluating works of art in the past and present. It could provide a model by considering the aspects of civilization to get out of the current situation.

The religion of the Uyunid government of Bahrain, based on civilizational data and in a purely "historical" way, is the subject of this research. This issue has been under dispute among the contemporary historians. In the first half of the fifth century (AH), with the weakening of Qaramata, the Abdul Qais tribe was able to establish the Uyunid rule (469-649 AH) as an independent indigenous Shiite government, with the support of a strong tribal system and the help of the Abbasid and Seljuk governments in the historic region of Bahrain.  Some evidence of civilization such as: giving names, minaret inscription of Al-Khamis Grand Mosque, coins from the Uyunid era with explicit Shiite inscriptions and the presence of a Shiite poet in their court  are among the official Shiite evidence of the Uyunid government.

The formation of the Safavid state in Iran in 907 (AH) is one of the most important events that led to the spread of Shiism in Iran. Shiite jurists had several interactions with each other to develop and compile the Shiite jurisprudence. This interaction involved two-way communication that existed between them in different ways. This research, which was carried out descriptively and by analyzing various library sources, analyzed the interactions of Shiite jurists from the period of Shah Abbas I to the end of the Safavid period (996 -1135 AH). The result of these interactions, which took place politically, socially and culturally, such as teaching and issuing licenses, writing explanations and answers, teaching each others' books, marriages and other cases led to the promotion and expansion of Shiite jurisprudence and the establishment of Shiite identity in the Safavid era. In this research, the main question is "what were the different aspects of interaction between the jurists of the Safavid era (996 -1135 AH)?"

According to the theory of transfer of Zarrinfam technology from glass to pottery, Zarrinfam technique was first used by the glassmakers in Egypt in the second century (AH) and then this technology was gradually transferred from Egypt to Syria, Iraq and Iran. It has been transferred by the Iraqi potters to the potteries in the third century (AH). The treatise "Al-Durrah Al-Maknuna" written by Jabir Ibn Hayyan was written in the second century (AH) contained various instructions regarding Zarrinfam. Therefore, in this research, the above theory will be analyzed and compared with the treatise "Al-Durrah Al-Maknuna". The findings show that the transfer of Zarrinfam from glass to pottery is in line with the instructions of the treatise, meaning that Zarrinfam technology was first invented by the glassmakers and then modeled by the potters. However, the results of research and historical analysis of the dissertation do not confirm with the above theory in the spatial dimension.

The role, place and use of symbols in human life can not be ignored. Symbols have existed throughout the history and in all the human societies. The symbol is a sign of thought, object, concept, how, and so on, a tangible and observable phenomenon that represents something other than itself or signifies something other than itself. Repetition of symbols and signs reinforces the meaning and sense of a specific cultural and social identity. Advertising is one of the most important cultural tools that can create or reinforce new values by using symbols. By using propaganda symbols, Mu'awiyah was able to change the outcome of the battle of Safin, which was an influential event and a turning point in the history of Islam, in his favor. The results of the present study, which examines Mu'awiyah's propaganda symbols in the battle of Safin with a descriptive-analytical approach, show that Mu'awiyah uses visual symbols such as the Qur'an, the Uthman's bloody shirt and  cut finger, and verbal  symbols such as the Uthman's bloodlust, the sacred texts (narrations and the Qur'an) and the titles for his religious and political legitimacy, which resulted in the division of the Iraqi army and consequently his conquest and victory.

Due to the increasing attention of Muslims to the science of geography in the third century (AH), the writing of works in this field increased; Among them is the book "Mokhtasar Al-Boldan" by Ibn Wazih Ya'qubi, an Iranian Shiite historian and geographer. In addition to general historiography, he is one of the pioneers of geography writing. In this research, an attempt is made to analyze the Ya'qubi geography writing in this book using a historical method and a descriptive-analytical approach. Some determining criteria such as typology, method and characteristics of geography are also examined. According to the findings, he is a follower of the Iraqi school, and his book is typologically closer to economic and human geography due to its focus on "tribute and race". At the same time, it has followed the Iranian geographical style by observing the requirements of the Iraqi school. Characteristics of Ya'qubi geography writing also include not bringing maps, rationalism, avoiding miracles and not interfering with his religious attitude (Imami Shiism) in geography. In terms of information sources, he relies on his observations and hearings and is one of the pioneers in this field.